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Export-oriented employment refers to employment in multinational corporations' international industrial factories, usually located in developing countries. Such factories produce goods and services for sale in other countries. While these multinational producers have globally expanded women’s access to employment, evidence suggests they do so by reinforcing traditional gender roles or creating new gender inequalities.〔 (Pdf version - via the World Bank. )〕 〔 Such gender inequities allow multinational firms to greater exploit profits per worker than they would otherwise due to the decreased labor cost. This decrease in the cost of labor comes as a result of the relegation of women to certain occupations. Studies show that in the quest for lower unit labor costs, export-oriented facilities create poor working conditions.〔 ==History== Work in international factories has become an option for women in developing countries.〔Elson, D. & Pearson, R. (1981). "The Subordination of Women and Internationalization of Factory Production" in K. Young et al. Of Marriage and the Market, CSE 214–216; 219–221〕 This opportunity, which has increased since the latter part of the 1960s, represents the production of goods to be sold explicitly to more developed countries. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, developing countries emerged as the sites to relocate labor-intensive manufacturing industries, as they were moved away from developed countries.〔Kabeer, N. (2004). "Globalization, Labor Standards, and Women’s Rights: Dilemmas of Collective (In)action in an Interdependent World." Feminist Economics. 10(1): 3–35.〕 This expansionism has forced developing countries to create and sell assembled products and other goods to more developed countries. Upon greater enhancement, developing countries were able to bolster their industrialized processes by swapping imported goods in favor of goods produced domestically. However, within the last 40 years this process eroded due in part to technological development, changes in regulation, and higher employment costs in more developed countries. Additionally, international trade has expanded in a distinct manner that is linked to manufacturing processes. From the 1970s forward, the global marketplace and the makeup of the labor force has had transformations by way of technological innovation, work structure, and new forms of controlling labor.〔Standing, G. (1999). "Global Feminization through Flexible Labor: A Theme Revisited." World Development 27 (3): 583–586.〕 Because of changes in the wider labor market, women have joined the labor force in greater numbers and tended to remain a part of the force. Moreover, many male employees have often been moved to less desirable jobs, if not placed outside of the labor market entirely. Additionally, those characteristics commonly related to female employment such as temporary arrangements, low wages, and job instability have risen. Moreover, these patterns have increased vis-a-vis characteristics identified with male labor, such as unionization and job security. Consequently, the expansion of export-oriented employment is a major contributor to what some have called, "the global feminization of labor" in the post-1980 period. Currently one of the most significant examples of export-oriented employment is the Bangladesh textile industry. By 2013, about 4 million people, mostly women, worked in Bangladesh's $19 billion-a-year industry, export-oriented ready-made garment (RMG) industry. Sixty percent of the export contracts of western brands are with European buyers and about forty percent with American buyers.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Export-oriented employment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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